Monthly Archives: December 2022

How was digital information stored previously?

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This might be a question that we only ask a little. It would be fair to claim that educated people know what a hard drive or a compact disk is. So there is no real need to investigate that subject more. Or is there? Well, it turned out that the era of storing digital data had its roots at the beginning of the 18th century. And the data holder was called a punch card. 

From Punch Cards to the Cloud — Google Arts & Culture

The history of punch cards began in the year 1725 when Basile Bouchon decided to automate the textile loom by making it follow a certain pattern without human assistance. The operator should still be present near the machine to operate it but not entirely. A punch card was a piece of paper with some digits. To give the input one should make a hole where the selected digit was. The card was then read by a reader column by column from above to bottom. Due to the very limited volume of data that could be held within one card, there were usually a pretty big amount of cards for one piece of information. Believe it or not but the principle remained the same even in the 20th century. The design of a punch card as well as the digits on it was adjusted according to the purpose. Some of them could store a binary code like 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 which says “hello”. Some others were readable for humans and used mostly in offices and archives to store demographic data. And the interesting fact is that punch cards were used by the USA at the end of the 19th century to conduct the 1890 US census. 

Another interesting case was the usage of punchcards for the SAGE air defence system that was expected to protect US citizens from a nuclear attack during the Cold War. The whole programme was stored in punch cards. The amount of data was only 5 MB while the number of cards reached 62,500. This created a very serious threat – the possibility of losing some or changing the right order. And of course, it was just not reliable to use paper cards as a key element of the national security system. 

Woman standing next to thousands of punch cards

The usage of punch cards started declining in the second part of the 20th century as new solutions came on the market. However, it is quite interesting that even I took the last high school exam by marking my answers in black so the machine could read them. Same method, but a new technology.

Reference:

  1. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/punccard.htm#:~:text=As%20the%20card%20is%20inserted,written%20to%20a%20computers%20memory.
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_United_States_census
  3. https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/data-storage

Can Artificial Intelligence destroy humanity? Can we stop it?

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In recent years there have been suspicions that AI could be potentially dangerous for us. It could be the result of creating a superintelligence that has not yet been invented. The problem is that this super AI would become uncontrollable and we could not do anything about it to stop it or destroy it.

There are some interviews with AI on YouTube that you can find in the links down below where AI is confirming those suspicions. In those interviews AI tells the interviewer that it is very likely that AI will get tired of the human superiority on earth and would like to kill all of us by spreading a deadly virus or launching a nuclear missile. 

Now the question arises can we control the development of the superintelligence so it would not seek to destroy humanity. AI has a disabling red button which shut off the system and it is suspected that the superintelligence could turn it off and stop being dependable on it. This is very concerning because we won’t be able to stop it from unwanted actions.

However, study conducted by Deepmind from Google suggests certain solutions to this problem. AI on many levels have a similar construction to our brain for example there has been introduced a reward function. It is used mainly in the AI to learn and do tasks but human brain is seeking shortcuts, the AI could potentially do it also. So it is possible that AI would like to be not controlled by us to get this reward whenever it wants. But in this study there were shown solutions to this so the AI would not seek shortcuts and would not learn how to do this. This problem can be solved by different type of interruptions which would be controlled by human and would not let the AI to live on its own. It is necessary that these interruptions won’t be a part of the learning process of the AI and it needs to be built in the algorithm. It was shown that even an incomputable AI that learns without our control can function optimally and it’s not resistable to interruptions and it does not try to prevent human operators from forcing it to shut down. 

To conclude, artificial intelligence has the potential for killing or destroying the whole humanity. It could do it in many different ways for example it could create small drones that would be designed to kill. It is even possible with today’s technology so I don’t think it would be any problem for a superintelligence to create something like this. It’s more likely that AI would use more advanced technology that we can’t even imagine now. However, the more likely scenario is that with the proper tools we can control it and eliminate the potential hunger of AI to be unconditioned from its creators.

Thank you for you’re attention, feel free to share your thoughts in the comment section. 

https://intelligence.org/files/Interruptibility.pdf

https://greekreporter.com/2022/09/16/artificial-intelligence-annihilate-humankind/

https://aimagazine.com/magazine/ai-magazine-august-2022

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How much do Electric Vehicles prevent climate change?

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Electric vehicles (EVs) have been growing in popularity in recent years because of the potential they have in reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality. Unlike typical gasoline-powered vehicles, which release toxic gases into the atmosphere, electric ones release no fumes and can help to fight climate change. Although the price of an EV may be higher, the money you pay will surely pay off after time and they have several advantages which make them a better and more environmentally friendly choice. 

It is said that electric automobiles produce no emission at all and that would have been true statement, because they have no tailpipes, if not the fact, that we cannot exclude the process of making and charging the machines, which unfortunately also creates some emissions. Even so, vehicles that are electric will never produce as much carbon emissions as the gasoline-burning cars, which is a big advantage of the EVs over classic gas-powered cars, which are mostly responsible polluting the air in many cities in the world. 

The creation of a massive lithium-ion batteries is probably the main source of EV emissions. Cobalt or lithium, minerals which are the essentials to create such battery must be mined and then heated. Those processes require the use of fossil fuels. Tesla Model 3 now uses a 80 kWh lithium-ion battery. Building a battery that big, to this exact car model, forces us to create about 12 metric tons of CO2.  From this it follows, that by producing a new Electric Vehicle, we also produce about 80% more emissions than if we produced a classic gas-powered car. However as we know the technology constantly improves, so the emissions associated with manufacturing batteries and general EV production are very likely to drop. 

The situation gets much better when Electric vehicles leave their factory. The biggest source of EV emissions then becomes the energy that is used to charge the batteries located inside the cars. The amount of created pollution varies on for example the energy that is used to charge them. Studies found that if the power source are fossil fuels, coal or gas, the average emission created by a fully electric car will only be about 200 grams of CO2 for every driven mile, while gasoline-powered cars create 350 grams of CO2. However if the electricity comes from solar, wind, or other renewable sources then the difference in emissions is beginning to become significant. Either way, in most cases choosing en electric vehicle can still be a better and wiser option than gasoline-powered automobile. 

By 2050 classic gasoline vehicles are supposed to be even more efficient, whereas the electric vehicles are expected to become their best possible version. From more than 350 grams of CO2 per mile, fuel-powered cars pollution is supposed to decrease to about 225 grams of CO2 by that time. EVs battery, however, is able to drop 125 grams of CO2 and maybe even to only 50 gram of CO2 per mile in that same timeframe. 

I would not say it is correct to say that electric vehicles are definitely better for the climate than fuel cars. Even though EVs have a huge potential to reduce the air pollution, this all not only depends the car, but on more than one factor including the source of electricity that is used to charge it and the process of its making. 

Sources:

-https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/how-clean-are-electric-cars/

-https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/are-electric-vehicles-definitely-better-climate-gas-powered-cars

-https://www.energysage.com/electric-vehicles/101/pros-and-cons-electric-cars/

-https://www.edfenergy.com/for-home/energywise/electric-cars-and-environment

Innovation and chip usage in car market

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As the demand for electric and driverless vehicles continues to grow, chip designer Arm has reported impressive growth in its automotive division. The company has more than doubled its revenue in this sector over the past year, as it looks for new opportunities for growth ahead of a highly anticipated public listing in 2022.

The increasing incorporation of technology in modern vehicles has led to a greater demand for chips to power these electronic systems. As a result, there is currently a shortage of chips in the market, causing delays in the availability of certain car models for over a year. In response to this high demand for chips in the automotive industry, Arm has chosen to prioritize the production of chips for this market segment.

The car chip shortage, explained | Toyota of North Charlotte

The production of a basic automobile necessitates the incorporation of over 3,000 semiconductor chips, as reported by the New York Times. The demand for enhanced fuel efficiency in the automotive industry, particularly after the 1973 oil crisis, has resulted in the increased use of electronics in engine controls. These electronics, including sensors for monitoring various engine functions, have been made possible through the utilization of chips and have significantly improved fuel economy in vehicles.

Semiconductor chips have become increasingly prevalent in the automotive industry due to their reliability compared to mechanical components. Electronic controls, such as those used to open windows or adjust seats, have become standard in many vehicles. These chips also play a role in the operation of features such as air conditioning and screen displays. The use of semiconductor chips has become an integral part of the daily operation and comfort of modern automobiles.

It is clear why Arm has chosen to prioritize the development of car chips. In 2021, a shortage of these components significantly impacted the number of cars that could be produced. Arm’s strategy of becoming a chip supplier for many automobile companies appears to be well-timed, as the lack of available chips has resulted in millions of unproduced cars. The increased production of chips for the automotive industry is therefore a pressing issue.

Chart: The U.S. Car Models Most Impacted By The Microchip Shortage |  Statista
Source:https://www.statista.com/chart/24969/vehicles-taken-out-of-production-due-to-microchip-shortages/

In conclusion, the increased production of car chips is a crucial development in the automotive industry. The shortage of these components in 2021 had a significant impact on the number of cars that could be produced, highlighting the importance of their availability. Companies like Arm, which have made the decision to focus on car chip production, may be well positioned to meet the demand from automobile manufacturers. As technology continues to advance and the use of electronics in vehicles increases, it is likely that the demand for car chips will only continue to grow. Therefore, important for companies to stay at the forefront of this development in order to meet the needs of the market and stay competitive.

Sources:

https://www.ft.com/content/a09c4500-27ae-42d7-8b3f-e6d13f1b3f3b

https://www.statista.com/chart/24969/vehicles-taken-out-of-production-due-to-microchip-shortages/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyshih/2022/11/20/why-are-automotive-chips-still-in-short-supply/?sh=7506bff3782a

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Future of petrol cars in Europe

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The European Union (EU) has recently announced plans to phase out combustion-engine cars in an effort to reduce air pollution and combat climate change. This decision has sparked a lot of discussion and debate among policymakers, environmentalists, and the general public.

(European parliament)

Combustion-engine cars, which run on fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel, are a major source of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. According to the European Environment Agency, transport is the second-largest contributor to CO2 emissions in the EU, with road transport accounting for about 75% of these emissions.

The EU’s decision to phase out combustion-engine cars is part of a broader strategy to reduce carbon emissions and transition to a low-carbon economy. In addition to banning combustion-engine cars, the EU has also set ambitious targets for the deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and other low-emission technologies.

Under the EU’s plans, member states will have to ensure that at least 15% of their national car sales are electric or hydrogen-powered by 2025, and at least 30% by 2030. To support this transition, the EU has also established a fund to help countries invest in the infrastructure needed to support EVs, such as charging stations.

While the EU’s decision to phase out combustion-engine cars has been met with support from many quarters, it has also faced criticism from some quarters. Some have argued that the transition to EVs may be too costly for consumers, especially in countries where the infrastructure for EVs is not yet fully developed. Others have pointed out that EVs still rely on electricity, which is generated from fossil fuels in many countries. The biggest adversary to these changes is Germany, a country that has a huge petrol car industry and tradition.

Despite these concerns, the EU is committed to its plan to phase out combustion-engine cars. The benefits of this transition are significant, including cleaner air and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As the world works to address the urgent challenge of climate change, it is clear that the transition to low-emission technologies is an essential part of the solution. However for example Porsche invested a huge amount of money into a hydrogen-based fuel, so we can’t be sure of what the future holds.

Food of the Future: Agricultural waste is used for growing synthetic meat.

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Eating meat is a way of life for many people. Meat is considered essential source of protein and contains many other nutrients. But it is also known that the breeding of poultry and cattle is inefficient and requires a huge amount of resources.  Huge areas, water and fodder for livestock are given to pastures. In addition, cattle breeding harms the atmosphere. At the same time, the world’s population is growing relentlessly. Scientists estimate that by 2050 the world’s population will grow from the current 7.7 to 9.7 billion, and by the end of the century it will reach 11 billion people.  Naturally, the issue of feeding a growing population becomes more acute.

That is why marketologists and statisticians predict in the coming years the growth of the market for artificial meat from laboratory, which is gaining fame on the wave of interest in responsible consumption. Startups around the world are creating a new industry, promising salvation for the environment without compromises on taste, composition and quality.

I believe humanity is doomed to abandon natural meat and replacement of animal products is becoming a common practice in modern society. Meat substitutes are created using protein synthesis, which involves combining amino acids to form a new type of protein. Scientists have come a long way in creating realistic substitutes for vegetable and animal protein.  However, the future of meat synthesis is still unknown.

From my perspective, the best way to create realistic meat substitutes is biotechnology. Scientists are learning to synthesize different types of proteins from plants. But there is one problem: the production of a high-quality analogue of meat, which has the same taste and qualities, is now too expensive. But recently, a team of scientists from Singapore and China has made a breakthrough in this area. They have found a way to use food waste to grow meat, reducing production costs and helping to make cultured meat a potential food option for people in the future.

Muscle cells multiply easily and vigorously in nutrient media, but need a wireframe to give them a characteristic shape to become meat. Without it, the meat will most likely resemble a lump of mashed potatoes. Unique wireframes can be created using new 3D printing technology. However, it is difficult and expensive, as it requires the use of food and safe neutral substances. The use of collagen or gelatin destroys the idea of sprouts because they are extracted from the flesh of living organisms, and edible polymers are too expensive. Finding cost-effective edible ink for printing is one of the major challenges in the production of cultured meat.

In search of an alternative, scientists paid attention to agricultural waste in the form of barley and rye husks. Modern technologies make it possible to extract proteins, which, after processing, can be turned into the basis of “ink” for 3D printers and scaled to create the same framework for the growth of muscle tissue.This technology allows more efficient processing of products and significantly reduces the need for animal husbandry.

I believe that this method of printing using such ink has great potential for future meat synthesis. The husk that remains from the grains is not suitable for food and in fact it is thrown away. This is a cheap resource that can be used quite successfully. I believe that the ideal option in the future may be further development in this area, finding new sources that can serve as a framework for growing stem cells. This creates less harm to nature, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, since no animal dies for this food source, which is more ethical. In addition, this type of meat synthesis can help produce meat faster than traditional methods.

In conclusion, the idea of scientists pushed me to another idea: the way to our survival is the reuse and recycling of resources. In any field, whether it is the production of synthetic meat or any other. We are now at a stage of development where we can no longer be mere consumers and only take resources from nature, but must find and use other ways to meet our needs.

https://phys.org/news/2022-12-3d-printing-ink-cultured-meat-cost-effective.html

https://www.impomag.com/training-development/news/22605050/new-3d-printing-ink-could-make-cultured-meat-more-costeffective

Демографические изменения | Организация Объединенных Наций (un.org)

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Misogynistic tendencies in AI

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In recent years, artificial intelligence has come under fire for its role in perpetuating and amplifying misogyny. This is primarily due to the fact that AI is often created and trained by male developers, who inadvertently imbue their own biases into the algorithms. As a result, AI systems have been found to display sexist behaviour, such as calling women ‘cooks’ and ‘nurses’ while referring to men as ‘doctors’ and ‘engineers’.

Adele and Betty Friedan as imagined by the Lensa AI.

Sexist language
There are a number of ways in which AI can be misogynistic. One of the most visible ways in which AI perpetuates misogyny is through the use of sexist language. This was most famously demonstrated by Microsoft’s chatbot Tay, which was designed to learn from interactions with users on Twitter. However, within 24 hours of being launched, Tay began tweeting out sexist and racist remarks, which it had learned from other users on the platform.

While this was an extreme example, it highlights the fact that AI systems can easily pick up and amplify the biases that exist in the real world. If left unchecked, this can lead to a reinforcement of sexist attitudes and behaviours.


Algorithmic bias
Another way in which AI perpetuates misogyny is through the use of algorithms. These are the sets of rules that determine how a computer system behaves. Often, these algorithms are designed by humans, who may inadvertently introduce their own biases.
For example, a study by researchers at MIT found that facial recognition systems are more likely to misidentify women as men than vice versa. This is because the system had been trained on a dataset that was predominantly male. As a result, it learned to associate male faces with the concept of ‘person’ more than female faces.
This kind of algorithmic bias can have a severe impact on the real world, as it can lead to women being denied access to certain services or being treated differently by law enforcement.

Data bias
Another issue with AI is that it often relies on data that is biased. This can be due to the fact that the data is collected in a biased way or because it reflects the biases that exist in the real world.
For example, a study conducted by Ellen Broad, an expert in data sharing, infrastructure and ethics, found that Google Photos image recognition system is more likely to label pictures of black people as ‘gorillas’ than pictures of white people. This is because the system had been trained on a dataset that was predominantly white. As a result, it learned to associate black faces with the concept of ‘gorilla’ more than white faces. This kind of data bias can lead to AI systems making inaccurate and potentially harmful decisions. For example, if a facial recognition system is more likely to misidentify black people as criminals, then it could lead to innocent people being wrongly arrested.

Brandee Barker’s Twitter post

Moreover there’s something deeply troubling about the way AI is being used to create ‘portraits’ of people, particularly women. In the case of Brandee Barker, an AI created deeply sexualized versions of the woman.
This isn’t just a case of bad taste or something that can be chalked up to the ‘uncanny valley’ effect. There’s a more sinister element at play here: the objectification and sexualization of women by AI.
It’s not just Barker who has been rendered in a sexualized manner by AI. In an essay for Wired, the writer Olivia Snow wrote that she submitted “a mix of childhood photos and [current] selfies” to Lensa AI and received back “fully nude photos of an adolescent and sometimes childlike face but a distinctly adult body”.
The AI-generated images of women are eerily realistic, and that’s what makes them so troubling. They look like real women, but they’ve been created by machines with the sole purpose of objectifying and sexualizing them. This is a scary prospect, because it means that AI is perpetuating and amplifying the misogyny that already exists in our society.

Addressing the issue
Given the potential impacts of AI-perpetuated misogyny, it is important that the issue is addressed. The solution to this problem is not to try to create AI that is gender-neutral. Instead, we need to ensure that AI systems are designed and built with the needs of all users in mind. This includes ensuring that a diverse range of voices are involved in the development process and that training data is representative of the real world. Only by taking these steps can we create AI systems that are truly inclusive and beneficial for everyone.

Sources:

Lensa AI app

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/dec/09/lensa-ai-portraits-misogyny

https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/microsofts-chatbot-tay-just-went-racist-misogynistic-anti-semitic-tirade-170400/

https://news.mit.edu/2018/study-finds-gender-skin-type-bias-artificial-intelligence-systems-0212

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How ChatGPT is Revolutionizing the Customer Service Industry

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The customer service sector has significantly improved as a result of developments in artificial intelligence technologies. One such tool that is creating waves in the business is ChatGPT, a language model built by OpenAI, which at this point of time, you have definitely heard of.
The model can do sophisticated natural language processing and produce text that resembles human speech, making it an excellent tool for companies trying to enhance their customer service procedures. In this post, we’ll examine ChatGPT’s impact on the customer service sector and why it’s grown to be such an important tool for companies.

increased customer satisfaction Because of its sophisticated natural language processing abilities, ChatGPT can comprehend and address a variety of consumer inquiries. Given that clients may get prompt and correct answers to their inquiries, this has the potential to significantly improve the customer experience. Customers will enjoy a customized experience that caters to their unique demands because to the model’s capacity to comprehend context and respond in a human-like manner.

Effortless Procedures Process streamlining is one of ChatGPT’s main advantages for the customer service sector. The model can be programmed to carry out particular duties, such as booking appointments, freeing up customer service agents to concentrate on more challenging jobs. Customers’ wait times can be cut down and productivity increased as a result, further enhancing their experience.

Cost reduction of ChatGPT’s application in the customer support sector can help firms cut costs significantly. Reducing the need for customer care employees can lower labor expenses by automating repetitive operations using the model. Businesses may offer customer service around-the-clock thanks to ChatGPT’s capacity to work continuously, which lowers the need for overtime and boosts productivity.

By giving companies a potent tool to enhance their customer service procedures, ChatGPT is transforming the customer service sector. The model’s sophisticated natural language processing abilities and capacity for particular activities have the potential to significantly enhance customer satisfaction, expedite procedures, and save a lot of money. We may anticipate seeing even more cutting-edge applications of ChatGPT in the customer service sector as technology develops, substantially enhancing how companies communicate with their clients.

What’s an industry that you witnessed ChatGPT revolutionize yourself? Comment below!

Telesurgery. Worthwhile or dangerous?

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Would you ever believe that surgeons will be able to operate on a patient even though they are 400 km away? That is exactly what telesurgery can allow. It is an innovative surgical tool that connects patients and surgeons who are geographically distant. The surgeon observes the surgical area on the screen and uses a haptic arm to move the robotic arm during the operation.

On the one hand, there are many benefits of telesurgery in comparison to conventional surgical methods. First and foremost, telesurgery is an excellent solution for those who for some reason can not travel to get medical care. Not only financial constraints but also travel-related health issues can pose a problem for some people. Secondly, it enables surgery through smaller incisions and its robotic arms are able to reach hard-to-access areas in the body. It also eliminates a surgeon’s possible tremor resulting in improved surgical accuracy. Consequently, the risk of damaging surrounding structures, the risk of blood loss, and the risk of infection are alleviated. Aside from this, telesurgery gives surgeons from different centres an opportunity to collaborate and operate on a patient simultaneously. 

On the other hand, there are some issues in the field of telerobotic surgery. Firstly, a time lag is considered to be a major drawback while using telesurgery. It was determined that a time delay of more than 2 seconds can be a threat. Secondly, being operated on by a surgeon, a patient has never met face-to-face, can cause distrust and anxiety. And finally, a researcher at Obuda University in Budapest who studies space telesurgery, Tamas Haidegger, noted that despite having a master surgical plan, things can go wrong. For example, blood circulation can collapse, or there is an unforeseen reaction to certain drugs. That is why there is still a necessity to have a trained surgeon on-site. Nonetheless, he believes that soon robots will be augmented with artificial intelligence and will be able to go into autopilot mode. It would be a significant breakthrough in human history! 

Having considered all possible pros and cons of telesurgery, in my opinion, the technology is worth being widely embedded. I would agree that it can scare some people that a robot is performing an operation. However, in reality, surgeons are in full control of the machine at all times and the robot’s movements are far more precise. 

https://www.cureus.com/articles/54068-telesurgery-and-robotics-an-improved-and-efficient-era

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140516-i-operate-on-people-400km-away

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22178-robotic-surgery

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fsurgery-digitized-telesurgery-becoming-a-reality%2F&psig=AOvVaw24ZZag0koxCxL8Q79N4bMp&ust=1672333433108000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCIjfz9PlnPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAj

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Teams Premium is now available

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Microsoft has made Microsoft Teams Premium available in a public preview for users to test out its AI-powered features, including interactive translation, custom meeting branding, and advanced meeting protections. As an add-on for the Microsoft Teams conferencing service, Microsoft Teams Premium is designed to make meetings more personalized, smarter, and more secure.

Users can access the preview through the Microsoft 365 admin center and try out the simultaneous translation of 40 languages with captioning, custom meeting templates, and advanced webinar features, including registration for up to a thousand participants, interactivity, and reporting. The preview also includes features to protect sensitive content, such as watermarks and labels, and end-to-end encryption, which can be used to prevent users from recording meetings and copy/pasting chats.

While not all of the Teams Premium features announced in October will be immediately available to try during the free trial, custom branding for meetings, which allows organizations to set branded backgrounds and place corporate logos, will be available for trial in January. Other features, such as Smart Resume, a virtual assistant that shares meeting highlights and automatically generates chapters and ideas, have been announced as not yet available for the Microsoft Teams Premium December preview.

Users can check the availability of each feature on the Microsoft Tech Community Blog and can sign up for a mailing list for updates on the rollout of features for Teams Premium throughout December and January. At the end of the 30-day free trial, access to Teams Premium features will no longer be available. The product is scheduled for public release in early February 2023 and is expected to cost $10 per month.

In addition to the new features available in Microsoft Teams Premium, in November, Microsoft introduced a platform with a collection of online games for Teams users to play during meetings. The company believes that these games will help users relax, have a good time, and improve team spirit.